Pykrete freighters could carry eight entire Liberty class freighters as cargo, but Pyke's dream was not to use them as cargo ships but as aircraft carriers. One of the great disadvantages of aircraft carriers had always been that their short landing surfaces and cramped storage favored small planes with foldable wings and light armor. The most desirable fighters, like Spitfires, were not an easy fit for carriers, and bombers were altogether out of the question. Pyke's logical conclusion was to build a behemoth: the H.M.S Habbakuk, he called it.
Constructed from 40-foot blocks of ice, his Habbakuk would be 2,000 feet long, 300 feet wide, with walls 40 feet thick. Its interior would easily accommodate 200 Spitfires. The largest ship then afloat was the H.M.S Queen Mary, which weighed in at 86,000 tons. The Habbakuk would weigh 2 million tons.4
For a man who had had ice thrown into his bath, Winston Churchill was surprisingly receptive to the idea. After reading the formal War Cabinet report on the Habbakuk project, Churchill shot back a memo stamped "Most Secret" the next day, on 7 December 1942. "I attach the greatest importance to the prompt examination of these ideas," he wrote. "The advantages of a floating island or islands, even if only used as refueling depots for aircraft, are so dazzling that they do not need at the moment to be discussed."
Mountbatten had already ordered Pyke and his colleague Martin Perutz to produce pykrete in large quantities to test and perfect it. Utmost secrecy was required, so Pyke set up shop in a refrigerated meat locker in a Smithfield Market butcher's basement; his "shop assistants" were disguised British commandos. Their work was carried on behind a protective screen of massive frozen animal carcasses. When Mountbatten came to visit the operation, it was so hush-hush that Lord Louis had to disguise himself as, of all things, a civilian.
It looked like an ordinary boathouse, tucked in on the shore of Patricia Lake, just outside Jasper, Alberta. But it was not a house at all — it was the boat, with a tin roof stuck on top to make the bizarre craft look like a boathouse.
The prototype Habbakuk was 60 feet long and 30 feet wide, weighing in at 1,000 tons, and was kept frozen by a one-horsepower motor. The boat would not move very quickly, and the enemy would hardly fail to see it coming, but this hardly mattered. "Surprise," Pyke theorized in his first Habbakuk memo, "can be obtained from permanence as well as suddenness." The immense hull was just as strong as Pyke had predicted, but Mountbatten eschewed the scientist's reports for a more direct testing method: hauling out a shotgun and trying to blow a hole into their precious prototype's side. He failed.
Churchill and Roosevelt soon came to an agreement that the world's biggest ship should be built. But one man was conspicuously missing from these meetings: Pyke. The ship's inventor was stunned to discover that to appease the Americans' who were not too keen on pottering eccentrics — he had been cut loose from his own project. It hadn't helped that Pyke had sent a cable marked "Hush Most Secret" back to Mountbatten. It read, in its entirety: "CHIEF OF NAVAL CONSTRUCTION IS AN OLD WOMAN. SIGNED PYKE."6
In the end, the Habbakuk was never built anyway. Land-based aircraft were attaining longer ranges, U-boats were being hunted down faster than they could be built, and the US was gaining numerous island footholds in the Pacific — all contributing to a reduced need for a vast, floating airfield. And deep within the newly built Pentagon was the knowledge that America already had a secret weapon in development to be used against Japan — an end to the war that would be brought about not by ice but by fire.
The prototype ice-ship, abandoned in Patricia Lake, did not melt until the end of the next summer.
1 — This Chequers account is included in the only biography of inventor Geoffrey Pyke: David Lampe's wonderful 1959 book Pyke, the Unknown Genius (London: Evans Brothers, 1959).
2 — Martin Perutz, "Description of the Iceberg Aircraft Carrier and the Bearing of the Mechanical Properties of Frozen Wood Pulp Upon Some Problems of Glacier Flow," in Journal of Glaciology, March 1948, pp. 95-104. There's an entertaining modern experiment involving shooting pykrete at
Yahoo! GeoCities: Get a web site with easy-to-use site building tools.. The Schulson quote is from my 7 March 2001 email interview with him.
3 — See Pyke obituaries "The Fearless Innovator," The Times (London), 26 Feb 1948, p. 6; and "Everybody's" Conscience," Time, 8 March 1948, pp. 31-33.