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The Guinness Book of World Records has awarded the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) the official record for the lowest altitude achieved by an Earth observation satellite. During its mission from December 23, 2017 to October 1, 2019, the Super Low Altitude Test Satellite (SLATS) “TSUBAME” reached a suitably super-low altitude of 167.4 km (104 mi).
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To overcome this, TSUBAME was made out of special oxygen-resistant materials and was equipped with an ion engine and gas-jet thrusters to help it maintain orbit and precise positioning so it could capture surface images and measure oxygen concentrations.
During its mission, TSUBAME started at an altitude of 271.5 km (168.7 mi) before lowering to the record 167.4 km, which it maintained for seven days. It managed to both withstand exposure to the atmosphere and capture the desired test images.