APPENDIX G
AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILITY
Utility and cargo helicopters operate throughout the entire battlefield during the conduct of their assigned missions. The purpose of this appendix is to discuss aircraft survivability.
G-1. FUNDAMENTALS OF AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILITY
Aircraft survivability encompasses a vast array of disciplines. There is a tendency to think of ASE as the complete picture of aircraft survivability. ASE is only a portion of EW that is one portion of EW supporting information operations and information warfare.
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G-3. AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILITY EQUIPMENT SYSTEMS
a. Aircraft Signature Reduction.
All cargo and utility helicopters are painted with nonreflecting IR absorbing paint. UH-60 and EH-60 aircraft are equipped with HIRSS, which reduces the IR signature by suppressing hot exhaust gases. HIRSS aids the effectiveness of the AN/ALQ-144A IR missile jammer. CH-47 aircraft do not presently have exhaust suppression. The CH-47 aircraft are protected from IR missiles by the combination of the AN/ALQ-156 countermeasures set and the M-130 flare dispenser. The radar and IR signature of utility and cargo helicopters is least when viewed from the front. The maximum IR signature is from the rear quadrants, whereas the maximum radar signature is from the side aspects. The aircrews have the ability of decreasing the signature exposed to threats by changing the aspect of the aircraft. This is least effective in the CH-47 aircraft.
b. Aircraft Survivability Equipment Suites.
(1) EH-60 aircraft survivability equipment suite capabilities. The EH-60 ASE suite provides for PW radar and CW radar signal detection, CW radar jamming, and decoying for radar directed threats. Additionally the ASE suite provides omnidirectional IR jamming and decoying for IR directed threats. The aircraft signature reduction capabilities
includes both nonreflective IR absorbing paint and HIRSS, which suppresses hot exhaust gases (see Figure G-1).
(2) UH-60 aircraft survivability equipment suite capabilities. The UH-60 ASE suite provides for PW radar and decoying for radar directed threats. Additionally the ASE suite provides omnidirectional IR jamming for IR directed threats. The aircraft signature reduction capabilities include both nonreflective IR absorbing paint and HIRSS, which suppresses hot exhaust gases (see Figure G-1).
(3) CH-47 aircraft survivability equipment suite capabilities. The CH-47 ASE suite provides for PW radar signal detection for radar directed threats. Additionally the ASE suite provides omnidirectional IR decoying for IR directed threats. The aircraft signature reduction capability consists of
nonreflective IR absorbing paint only (see Figure G-2).
Appendix H
Aircraft Survivability Equipment
SECTION I-FUNDAMENTALS AND THREAT CONSIDERATIONS
FUNDAMENTALS OF AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILITY
H-1. Tactical helicopters are protected with ASE while operating throughout the battlefield conducting their assigned missions. Aircraft survivability encompasses a vast array of disciplines. There is a tendency to equate ASE as the whole of aircraft survivability. ASE is a portion of EW, which is but one pillar that supports IO and/or IW. FM 100-6 changed EW terminology to the following three functions:ELECTRONIC ATTACK
H-2.
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AIRCRAFT SIGNATURE REDUCTION
H-25. All tactical helicopters are painted with nonreflective IR absorbing paint.
The IR signature is reduced by directing the exhaust gases upward after mixing with cold air. The rotor's quiet-design airfoil section also reduces the noise footprint of the helicopter. Its narrow fuselage minimizes visual detectability,
and the airframe structure eliminates reflections of radar and infrared waves thanks to an anti-radar absorbent skin.
Projects
AIR 87 - Armed Reconnaissance Helicopters
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Low infra-red reflection paints have been used and an IR suppressor has been fitted to the engine exhaust.
Low Detectability
Able to fly safely in the battlefield thanks to its slim silhouette, the Fennec emits a diminished radar signature through extensive use of composite materials as well as a
low Infra-Red reflective paint.
The small silhouette and shape of the AH-1Z as well as
low IR reflective paint greatly contributes to the survivability of the aircraft.