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The M261 High-Explosive Multipurpose Submunition [MPSM] warhead provides improved lethality against light armor, wheeled vehicles, materiel, and personnel. The M261 is a cargo warhead consisting of a nose cone assembly, a warhead case, an integral fuze, nine M73 submunitions, and an expulsion charge assembly. The nose cone assembly, a plastic cone bonded to a metal cup-shaped base, is attached to the body by shear pins. The body is a hollow cylinder loaded with 9 full caliber multipurpose submunitions (MPSM). Each submunition has a Ram Air Decelerator (RAD), folded, which nests into the shaped charge cone of the submunition ahead; the 9th (forward) submunition nests into the forward cup which makes up the base of the nose cone. A metal pusher plate is located just aft of the submunition cargo stack and is forward of the expulsion charge assembly. The threaded end of the body is machined internally to accommodate a base detonating, remote settable, variable range fuze. The 9 High Explosive (HE) submunitions are deployed by initiation of a 5.5 gram expulsion charge, consisting of 80% M10 double base probellant and 20% Class 6 black powder. The expulsion charge is initiated by an M84 electric detonator contained in the M439 fuze. A pusher plate then ejects the stack of submunitions through the nose cone. The primary warhead fuze, M439, is remotely set with the ARCS, MFD, or RMS to provide range settings (time of flight) from 500 meters to approximately 7,000 meters. On the AH-1, the RMS is programmable only from 700 meters to 6,900 meters.
The expulsion charge is initiated at a point before and above the target, approximately 150 meters, depending on the launch angle. The submunitions are separated by ejection, and arming occurs when the ram air declarator deploys. The RAD virtually stops forward velocity and stabilizes the descent of the submunition. An M230 omnidirectional fuze with an M55 detonator is used on each submunition and is designed to function regardless of the impact angle. Each submunition has a steel body that has a 3.2-ounce shaped charge of composition B for armor penetration. The submunition is internally scored to optimize fragments against personnel and materiel. Upon detonation, the shaped charge penetrates in line with its axis and the submunition body explodes into high velocity fragments (approximately 195 at 10 grains each up to 5,000 feet per second) to defeat soft targets. The fuzed weight of the M261 is 13.6 pounds. At shorter ranges, the RAD takes longer to overcome momentum, increasing dispersion. As range increases, the rocket loses momentum, increasing the effectiveness of the RAD. This increased effectiveness reduces submunition drift and ground dispersion. Forestation, other vegetation, and natural or man-made structures within the target area may cause the submunition to detonate or land in a non-standard dispersion pattern. Aerodynamic forces affecting submunitions during vertical descent may prevent them from landing upright (0 degrees off center). Sixty-six percent of the time a submunition will land 5 degrees off center; 33 percent of the time a submunition will land 30 degrees off center. Each M73 HE submunition has a shaped charge that can penetrate in excess of 4 inches of armor. A submunition that lands 5 degrees off center has a 90-percent probability of producing casualties against prone, exposed personnel, within a 20-meter radius. A submunition landing 30 degrees off center has a 90-percent probability of producing casualties within a 5 meter radius.
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