Реклама Google — средство выживания форумов :)
China, for example, has been effectively excluded from the commercial market since around 2000 because of US export control restrictions. China has tried to re-enter the market by launching so-called “ITAR-free” commercial satellites built in Europe, or domestically-built spacecraft, but is otherwise excluded from the vast majority of commercial launch opportunities.
Through December 2000, commercial Proton launches of U.S. satellites were limited by a May 1993 agreement between the United States and Russia. Under this agreement, Proton LVs could not be sold commercially for less than 7.5 percent below the lowest offer from Western LSPs.40 This restriction was imposed as punishment for certain unfavorable Russian trade practices, including exporting missile technology to Iran. The agreement, which allowed the Proton to launch up to 20 satellites to GEO or GTO between 1993 and 2000, expired December 2000.
In December 2000, the U.S. State Department decided to allow the bilateral quota agreement limiting the number of commercial launches on the Proton to expire. This permits the sale of an unlimited number of Proton LVs and will help provide the 88 American and Russian space flights necessary for building, outfitting, and staffing the ISS through 2005
US bans SES satellite launch by Russia
April 28, 2014
European satellites have fallen foul of tougher US regulations on Russian rocket launches because of the Ukrainian political crisis. Satellites which have been built in the US, or have US-supplied components, have long been subject to ‘export’ controls under the USA’s International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) rules, although those requirements were increasingly seen as being softened over the past few years. The Ukraine-Russia political problems have seen the ITAR rules again toughened.
SES of Luxembourg, London-based Inmarsat and Turksat all have planned launches this year aboard the Russian-supplied Proton rocket system managed by Russian-owned International Launch Services (ILS).
SES had planned to launch Astra 2G this summer on an ILS/Proton rocket from the Russian launch site in Kazakhstan. Inmarsat has two launches booked with ILS, while Turksat 4B is also slated for launch this summer on a Proton vehicle. Astra 2G was built by Astrium of France, but uses key US-made components.
Last week (on April 24th) a maritime satellite built by a Canadian company for Ontario-based ComDev was banned from having a June launch from Kazakhstan. ComDev says it has other launch options.
SES and the other satellite operators could switch launch contractors to either France’s Arianespace or California-based SpaceX but both launch specialists have a long waiting list of customers.
If the US political sanctions continue to bite then Europe’s satellite operators could be severely impacted given the pressure on non-Russian rocket launches. As one well-placed industry source suggested on April 27th: “Generally speaking: if Proton is not available for a prolonged period, the satellite industry has a problem…”
Начиная с декабря 2022 года российские ракеты (запускаемые «Роскосмосом») из-за санкций США уже невозможно использоваться для вывода на орбиту американских космических аппаратов, либо любых других спутников, где используются американские системы или подсистемы. А таковых, на сегодняшний день, за исключением России и Китая никто не производит.
Еще несколько лет назад подобные аппараты в единичных экземплярах пытались производить в ЕС, но они оказались неконкурентоспособны и их выпуск европейским компаниям пришлось прекратить. Таким образом, вполне можно ожидать, что уже через пару лет доля России на мировом рынке космических запусков упадет: с нынешних 22% до 12-15%.
SN10 engine was low on thrust due (probably) to partial helium ingestion from fuel header tank. Impact of 10m/s crushed legs & part of skirt. Multiple fixes in work for SN11.
— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) March 9, 2021