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The HRSI tiles are coated on the top and sides with a mixture of powdered tetrasilicide and borosilicate glass with a liquid carrier. This material is sprayed on the tile to coating thicknesses of 16 to 18 mils. The coated tiles then are placed in an oven and heated to a temperature of 2,300 F. This results in a black, waterproof glossy coating that has a surface emittance of 0.85 and a solar absorptance of about 0.85. After the ceramic coating heating process, the remaining silica fibers are treated with a silicon resin to provide bulk waterproofing.
LRSI tiles cover relatively low-temperature areas of one of the orbiters, the Columbia, where the maximum surface temperature runs between 700 and 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit (370 and 650 degrees Celsius), primarily on the upper surface of fuselage around the cockpit. These tiles have a white ceramic coating that reflects solar radiation while in space, keeping the Columbia cool. HRSI tiles cover areas where the maximum surface temperature runs between 1,200 and 2,300 degrees Fahrenheit (650 and 1,260 degrees Celsius). They have a black ceramic coating, which helps them radiate heat during reentry. Most of these tiles cover the bottom of the Orbiter. Both LRSI and HRSI tiles are manufactured from the same material and their primary difference is the coating.
Re-waterproofing is currently a very time consuming
process for the Shuttle, utilizing toxic chemicals that
present a hazardous worker environment. Though it’s
not needed between each and every flight, the process is
extremely labor intensive; each ceramic tile and blanket
must be injected with re-waterproofing compounds
using an array of syringes. Boeing has been able to
modify the composition of the re-waterproofing
solution so that it can be applied using a very rapid
spraying technique, as shown in figure 13, and is no
longer hazardous for the workers to apply.